Business Perspectives Corporate Entrepreneurship

Question: Discuss about the Business Perspectives for Corporate Entrepreneurship. Answer: Introduction Developing a business in the market and working under a reputed company in the desired designation is considered as the beginning of the career growth of a person. I always wanted to be an entrepreneur that requires a lot of experience, confidence and information regarding the area of business I want to develop. Currently, I am working in a multinational retail company as an executive of the designing department. I am a knowledge seeker, hence I want to grab knowledge from my field of work and want to utilise whatever opportunities coming in my career life. The courses of GB500 are helping me in gaining a wider perspective of business while developing ideas regarding venturing my own business in the coming years. I have gained the fact that having an idea of opening a new business is not enough. It requires a proper planning of opening a proper business in the market. The study will describe the benefits of the learning courses in my present field of work. It will also describe about my critical reflections in the applications of ideas that I have learned from the course and from my workplace while venturing my own business. However, I want to open my own venture in the sector of fashion and retail that will be dealing with manufacturing and selling garments for men, women and fashion accessories. Implementation of the ideas that I have learned from the course will possibly help me out in developing the thinking of my business in future. Critical Reflection and Changes I can say that before entering the course of GB500, my views regarding business and entrepreneurship was different. However, after joining the course, my experience regarding my field of work and in the field of entrepreneurship has been gradually developing day by day. I have the habit of gaining knowledge and develop skills and expertise that will help me in the growth of my career. In the initial phase of my career life, I am clueless about things that I want to proceed with in my future career life. My academic courses have helped me in gaining theoretical knowledge about various theories and its practical implementation in business, but it was generalize. However, I have managed to figure out that I want to proceed with fashion and retail sector and probably someday, I will open my own venture of selling fashion garments for men and women (McKelvie et al. 2014). I can also admit the fact that, before joining GB500 I have a different perspective of viewing the career I am in. In the multinational company, as an executive in the designing department I am in the responsibility of managing my team that comprises of designing engineers that are into designing trendy fashionable clothes for the company in the particular branch. Managing a team is not an easy task. As this is my first job, hence I need to learn and grab many skills while performing my current role in the company. Managerial skills will help me in solving the queries of the team members and the managing them in progressing with the work (Turr et al. 2014). I can say that the professional course of GB500 is very different from my academic course. It is a professional course, which is helping me in clearing my doubts in the perspective of entrepreneurship as well as in my current field of work. The course is consisted of various current topics and information that an entrepreneur or a manager must know to proceed with the work. An effective professional manager requires an effective knowledge of managing a team with all the leadership and managing attributes of the problems faced by the team members. The managing skills when I have joined this company were not enriched. However, there is a requirement of a professional course regarding entrepreneurship that I have felt while I am doing my current job (Bloodgood et al. 2015). I have felt the essence of starting my own venture of a small and medium enterprise of selling fashion accessories and garments for men and women. I have also find difference in the levels of expertise that I have learned while pursuing my academic courses and pursuing my career in the organization as a manager in the designing department. The roles and responsibilities of mine changes from one situation to another in the perspective of different situat ions based on the team members issues in the workplace (Sahut and Peris-Ortiz 2014). The environment of the workplace is very different from that of academic institutions. Hence, there are many attitudes and behaviour that I am learning in my workplace for becoming a successful person in my designated job role. My knowledge about the concept of entrepreneurship is incomplete as there are many things to learn if I want to open my own venture in the coming years. I need to learn many things both by conducting a thorough research and from my workplace for providing a success in my plan. The zeal of learning new things and giving a success to my entrepreneurial plan have pushed me in joining the course of GB500, that have all the essential information of running a business and the various strategies adopted by business leaders in their companies (Nason et al. 2015). Critical Reflection on application to future roles and workplace The decision of entering GB500 course is to fulfill my aspires and desire of opening a new retail venture in the market. To increase my knowledge, I have joined the entrepreneurial cell and the leadership development program inaugurated by my company. Apart from my field of work, I usually keep myself engage in many activities that will help me in developing my skills and expertise both in professional life and personal life. A sound balance of personal and professional life is necessary in order to make the entrepreneurial idea fruitful in the coming years. I can say that the courses in GB500 are very helpful in developing my expertise and grooming me for becoming a better individual. There are various types of theoretical frameworks such as PESTEL analysis, Porters generic strategies, Porters diamond model, Porters five forces, value chain analysis, SWOT analysis, Gap analysis, external analysis, etc are mentioned in the study with their theoretical description along with implement ation in the real business scenario. Apart from that, there are many other theoretical concepts strategic management decision making, value creation, strategic development, corporate strategy, business strategy, external market analysis, internal market analysis, employee management, basic human resources, etc. are clearly mentioned in the GB500 course that will be helping me in the progress of opening the entrepreneurial venture in the market (Kuratko et al. 2015). The study has helped me in gaining knowledge not only in venturing new business but also it will help me in developing my current role as a manager in the designing department of the multinational organization. The strategy building process along with the knowledge of various entry modes of business helped me in knowing the current position of my company in different parts of the world. As I have already told earlier that my company has its presence in different countries of the world, now I am keen to learn how my country opts for various modes of entry while entering a country (Karimi and Walter 2016). What are the factors my company is following while starting a new branch in a company or other miscellaneous aspects. GB500 helped me in gaining the theoretical knowledge of these concepts. On the other hand, my job helped me in learning the pros and cons of different strategies they are adopting in progressing their business operations in different parts of the country as well as in different countries of the world (Kuratko et al. 2014). The field of entrepreneurship is not an easy thing to do. To become an entrepreneur a person must possess some characteristics and attributes. Apart from that, a sound knowledge of the different attributes and knowledge about the particular sector of the industry is essential which I am gaining. The learning experience from the course has helped me in acquiring knowledge about the process of conducting a thorough market research about the particular field of entrepreneurship. After conducting the research, SWOT analysis will be done for both the external and internal market analysis. It will help me to understand the strength, opportunities along with threats and weakness of the external market and the internal market. The topic of innovation and developing business model is mentioned in the learning course of GB500 that I think is very important while running a business in a particular region (Hsu et al. 2015). It is seen that most of the companies in the world irrespective of sectors are driven by innovation as a part of their product development strategy and formulating business model. I have heard of only innovation, but the course has made me understand the types of innovation and the implementation of innovation in the business. It can be said that fashion and retail industry is volatile in nature. The industry runs on innovation. As I am working in the designing department, I have seen people who are coming up with latest exclusive designs for the garments and accessories that are sold by my company. Fast fashion requires innovation in a very fast pace. I will implement this knowledge in my business of fashion and retail (Hornsby et al. 2013). Apart from that, some other personal development skills that I have gained through this course and I am successfully implementing these in my workplace. The skills are effective communication skills and general presentation skills. Before joining the class of GB500, I was not so much confident of my presentation skills as I thought that I am lacking sufficient information and knowledge that is responsible for creating a sense of inferiority among me (Chen et al. 2015). My communication skills have been improved when I gained a confidence after joining the leadership development organized by my company and continuous efforts of my supervisor. The general skills of delivering a presentation are confidence and effective communication skills that I have learned from my supervisor and in the course of GB500. Apart from that, course materials of GB500 have provided me knowledge of implementing the presentation skills to the clients for the profile of client acquisition. The convincing powe r is the important skill that is related to the general presentation skills (Behrens and Patzelt 2015). Conclusion The study discusses about the reflection of the learning experiences of GB500 both in the development of my entrepreneurial plan as well as my personal development skills and in my professional development in my field of work. I can say that I have learned many things from the course that is discussed in the study in a detailed manner. The description of the reflection of the learning experiences is critically mentioned in the study so that I can implement it in my present and future field of work. I have researched the fact that I have to learn many things and to change my thinking for becoming an entrepreneur in the fashion world. As I am already working in the fashion industry, I am aware of the level of innovation, business strategy, operational strategy that is required for achieving a successful position in the market. There are high competitions in the market regarding small medium enterprise of fashion retail outlet in the market. Among them, for coping up with the competitiv e nature of the market, the courses of GB500 have helped me. The information of the learning courses is enriched and encompasses various practical experiments that business leaders implement in their activities of entrepreneurship in their businesses. However, it can be mentioned that I have developed communication skills, convincing skills, presentation skills in my course of GB500. The presentation skills are important in terms of convincing the investors, clients of my current designation of work in my company as well as for my new start up in the market. For developing my presentation skills, my supervisor in my company has also helped me in gaining confidence while delivering speech towards huge number of audiences. References Behrens, J. and Patzelt, H., 2015. Corporate Entrepreneurship Managers' Project Terminations: Integrating Portfolio?Level, Individual?Level, and Firm?Level Effects.Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice. Bloodgood, J.M., Hornsby, J.S., Burkemper, A.C. and Sarooghi, H., 2015. A system dynamics perspective of corporate entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,45(2), pp.383-402. Chen, Y., Wang, Y., Nevo, S., Benitez-Amado, J. and Kou, G., 2015. IT capabilities and product innovation performance: The roles of corporate entrepreneurship and competitive intensity.Information Management,52(6), pp.643-657. Hornsby, J.S., Kuratko, D.F., Holt, D.T. and Wales, W.J., 2013. Assessing a measurement of organizational preparedness for corporate entrepreneurship.Journal of Product Innovation Management,30(5), pp.937-955. Hsu, C.C., Tan, K.C., Jayaram, J. and Laosirihongthong, T., 2014. Corporate entrepreneurship, operations core competency and innovation in emerging economies.International Journal of Production Research,52(18), pp.5467-5483. Karimi, J. and Walter, Z., 2016. Corporate entrepreneurship, disruptive business model innovation adoption, and its performance: The case of the newspaper industry.Long Range Planning,49(3), pp.342-360. Kuratko, D.F., Hornsby, J.S. and Covin, J.G., 2014. Diagnosing a firm's internal environment for corporate entrepreneurship.Business Horizons,57(1), pp.37-47. Kuratko, D.F., Hornsby, J.S. and Hayton, J., 2015. Corporate entrepreneurship: the innovative challenge for a new global economic reality.Small Business Economics,45(2), pp.245-253. McKelvie, A., McKenny, A., Lumpkin, G. and Short, J.C., 2014. Corporate entrepreneurship in family businesses: Past contributions and future opportunities.SAGE handbook of family business, pp.340-363. Nason, R.S., McKelvie, A. and Lumpkin, G.T., 2015. The role of organizational size in the heterogeneous nature of corporate entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,45(2), pp.279-304. Sahut, J.M. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2014. Small business, innovation, and entrepreneurship.Small Business Economics,42(4), pp.663-668. Turr, A., Urbano, D. and Peris-Ortiz, M., 2014. Culture and innovation: The moderating effect of cultural values on corporate entrepreneurship.Technological Forecasting and Social Change,88, pp.360-369.

Capitalistic Government Of US Essay Example For Students

Capitalistic Government Of US Essay We hold these Truths to be self-evident, that all Men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights, thatamong these are Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness That to securethese Rights, Governments are instituted among Men, deriving their just Powersfrom the Consent of the Governed, that whenever any Form of Government becomesdestructive of these Ends, it is the Right of the People to alter or to abolishit, and to institute new Government, laying its Foundation on such Principles,and organizing its Powers in such Form, as to them shall seem most likely toeffect their Safety and Happiness. (Thomas Jefferson, Declaration ofIndependence) When Thomas Jefferson wrote these words, he wrote them with theintent of establishing a new government that would not give anyone favoritismover others. After 224 years, this idea is still believed in by the citizens ofAmerica, but not practiced by their government. As the years passed, the valuesof Amer ica have slowly altered to materialism. The people trusted our governmentto make the best decisions for the entire country, but some decisions seem tofavor the wealthiest citizens rather than all of the citizens. Not to say thatthe government is completely corrupt, but their priorities seem to have amonetary value, and they must pay for it some how. As a country with acapitalist government, one that has the main focus of making profit through freemarkets, money has an unfortunately big influence on policies that are made bythe government. According to the public, which was based on middle-class adultsin the US, business editors and college students, the general consensus came outto be that they believed that capitalism must be altered before anysignificant improvements in human welfare can be realized. This can beseen throughout history in the positions taken by the government about freemarkets, unionization, and . The United States of Americas government ishyper-capitalistic, becau se the markets are freer than in any other country. Weconsume more and are more dependent on working. The markets in the US have notalways been so free. In the beginning we had small markets that people did notdepend so much on because of the fact that they were all farmers andsharecroppers. The existence of slavery was in very recent in history back then. America was not considered a capitalistic country, but instead a feudal onebecause everyone traded and didnt expect monetary compensation for theirproducts. When the goal of production (around the end of the 19th century)changed from being used for exchange to profit, the US began to becomecapitalistic. To establish a definition of capitalism, I shall establish it aswhen goods are produced to be sold; the revenues made are then used to be whatyou need with intent to make a profit in the end. Our capitalistic ways areeffective in the US government because it small enough to allow the businessesto make their own decisions. As the US became industrialized, the need tomass-produce came into effect, and the boom in the labor market began. Theproblem with this is that the freedom of the markets allowed the businesses tomove around as they liked; only when they were knowingly signing a contract werethey forced to make a commitment. Markets dispersed power that kept thegovernment from being able to say anything to the businesses that were makingthe most money in the market. The government decided to not involve itself whenit came to the market, even though they knew that the bigger companies wereovertaking the smaller ones. The wealthiest owners had the power in the marketsand this allowed them to have more say as to what goes on in the free market. The government could intervene in this situation, but they do not because itwould be too risky for them to put restrictions on the companies that right nowhave the power in the business world. The free market of America is one thatclaims that everyone is free to gain power, but what happens when businessowners decide to be a monopoly? Competition is good, but there are competitorsthat are so powerful that they are willing to crush any smaller competition. Thegovernments role in this situation can be seen as unfavorable for the smallerbusinesses and favorable to the wealthier businesses. The government chose tominimally involve itself in this situation under the pretext that the citizensof this great country did not wish to have the government to get involved. Theyknew that monopolies were being created by the big businesses but that fact didnot get them to involve themselves. Their lack of involvement in situations suchas these where the wealthy are conquering the poor shows that the y are sidingwith the wealthy business owners by not fighting against them. This is not tosay that they government never involved itself in such instances, but theynevertheless do little for the smaller businesses with their policies. TheSherman Act of 1890 prohibited conspiracies in restraint of tradeand other monopolistic practices, but these acts were too outdated for oureconomy. Therefore, congress established the Federal Reserve System as areaction to the power that the financial monopolies had in America. It washeaded by a board with fair representation of financial, agricultural,industrial, and commercial interests, and the geographical divisions of thecountry. All these laws and systems have not done much to keep the economyfrom monopolizing, however. In the 20th century, the working class becamethe most important antimonopoly force. Many labor organizations and thepolitical parties based on the working class, while supporting traditionalantimonopoly demands, increasingly foc used on labors claims againstmonopoly. In the 1970s, due to the lack of antitrust and antimonopolylaws, IBM won a lawsuit that was put against them by smaller business owners. Parts of a Holy Mass EssaySecondly, it puts the citizens of the city in danger. The citizens of the cityhave the deadly E. coli pollutant in their well water. Because of the plant thatthe government begged to come to its city, the citizens are not able to drinkthe water from their water systems. The government was willing to spend morethan $111 million on a company that would basically destroy its area, but it isnot willing to spend $750,000 for the citizens to be able to drink their water. The government is too profit involved. The phrase Money makes the world goaround is very true in this case. The citizens would not be giving themany money in return for the clean water, but the company would be creating jobsand revenues for that state. The jobs that the companies would be creating forthe state are not the greatest jobs ever. In the case of Nebraska Beef Ltd., anOmaha beef-packing company, the jobs it created involved sweatshop conditions. The workers were not given more than one bathroom break, they had one break 7and a half hours before they ended work, and that is only if they worked tenhours. If they worked nine hours in one day they got no break. The state ofNebraska gave the corporation approximately $31.5million and even with that muchmoney, it was not able to fully train its workers and provided them withlow-paying jobs. The state did not even think about putting work laws on theplants; it made no demands as to what it wanted in return for providing so muchto the company. One can say that it did create a program called Nebraska QualityJobs Board, but apparently it didnt help out in this situation. What is aquality job for Nebraska? Because of their bad choice in corporation to bringinto its state, the citizens refuse to work for the corporation. Citizens fromother states are the ones that are working in the plants, which pretty muchdefeats the purpose of bringing the corporations to the state. All it did wascre ate more problems for the state such as traffic and pollution for thecitizens of the state. One question that I have to ask myself is, if thesituation is this bad here, how is it over in the other capitalist countries? InCohen and Rogers On Democracy, they say that while capitalist democracycedes workers certain rights and liberties, including suffrage, it does noteliminate the subordination of the interests of workers to the interests ofcapitalists remains a necessary though insufficient condition for thesatisfaction of the interests of workers, and the welfare of workers is thusdependent on the welfare of capitalists. In Western Europe this idea wouldnot be completely true. The unions in Western Europe, first of all, are strongerthan the ones here in the United States. Europe was industrialized before theybecame democratic. Therefore, they had to get together in order to get anythingdone within the government in their favor. The workers do have an interest inthe capitalist, but no t to the extent where they would do whatever thecapitalist tells them to. The Western European governments involved their poorworkers more than the US when it came to policies because of historical legaciesand because of the constructed institutions. One thing that failed in Americadid manage to work in Europe, and that is the labor parties. The workers had tocreate their own parties. In the United States, the politicians crushed thelabor parties, but in Europe they remain strong. One thing that is important toremember is that governments that are very favorable towards the poor do sobecause the poor are able to overcome the resource constraint. In Europe this istrue but what is also true is that there is great solidarity in Europe, whichmade the workers so strong. Along with this the Industrial Revolution thathappened in the last half of the 18th Century greatly helped the labor workers. The Industrial Revolution was the first step in modern economic growth anddevelopment. The workers in Europe are big in number and the Revolutionbrought on new work conditions to the workers. Labor Parties established betterwages and hours for the workers. The labor parties were huge in number andcouldnt be put down by the government as easily as the United States put downits unions. In the United States, we have always believed that all men arecreated equal. Americans, however, know that even though we were created equal,we are not treated equally. The rich are the V.I.P to the government. They aretaken care of well, and pampered with money and privileges that the other hardworking Americans deserve more than them. We are in the age of profits, and ifthe government does not see any monetary value in something, they will notbother with it, even if it is its own people. BibliographyPeterson, Robert A.,Gerald Albaum, and George Kozmetsky.Modern AmericanCapitalism. New York: Quorum Books, 1990. Perlo, Victor. Superprofits andCrises: Modern U.S. Capitalism. New York: International Publishers, 1988. Frances Fox Piven and Richard Cloward, Chapter 3 from Poor Peoples Movements:Why they Succeed, How they Fail,(Vintage, 1977), pp96-180. Lembcke, Jerry. Capitalist Development and Class Capacities: Marxist Theory and UnionOrganization. New York:Greenwood Press, 1988. Joel Roers and Joshua Cohen, OnDemocracy, (Penguin, 1983), Chapter Six, Democracy, pp146-183. Industrial Revolution Encarta Encyclopedia

Thousand Cranes by Yasunari Kawabata Fires on The Plain by Shohei Ooka free essay sample

Compares roles of Buddhism in Kawabata Christianity in Ooka as reflections of novels protagonists views of Japanese culture. This study will compare and contrast the role of Buddhism in Yasunari Kawabatas novel Thousand Cranes with the role of Christianity in Shohei Ookas novel Fires on the Plain. The argument of the study will be that in each book the religious path chosen or followed by the protagonist is a reflection of the his attitude toward and relationship with the Japanese culture in general. Despite the fact that both books were originally published in the late 1950s, Ooka writes about World War II, while Kawabata writes about the postwar period. Because of this difference, the emphases and themes of the books stand in contrast. Thousand Cranes explores intimate relationships with larger historical, social and political issues serving only as a contextual backdrop.

Film Review Essay examples

Film Review Essay examples Film Review Essay examples Zac Garcia Ms. Lynch Film Studies 10/31/14 Movie Review Of Gone Girl Gone Girl, starring Ben Affleck and Rosamund Pike as a torn married couple named Nick Dunne and Amy Dunne. It is directed by David Fincher and based off the book written by Gillian Flynn. This film is about a distressed couple Nick Dunne and Amy Dunne. Amy one morning goes missing and Nick comes home from the bar he owns to see the living room torn up as if a kidnapping or robbery occurred. It portrays Nick throughout the film to have a weird relationship with Amy due to how he reacts and acts throughout this. The film gives off this weird vibe throughout the entire movie that always has you second guessing your opinion on what is going to happen. An investigation goes on and it takes you through many twists and turns such as learning Nick’s back story, his secret life, and Amy’s past. This movie does an excellent job of leading you on to think one thing and then one scene completely changes your view. When the viewer finds out what really happened to Amy, he or she will be completely blown away and this is why this film is such a great thriller. Just by seeing the trailer for this movie, I knew that I was going to love it. I was on the edge of my seat the whole time and I can honestly say it was one of the best movies I’ve ever seen. It perfectly leads you on and gives you just the right amount of hints to give you a hint as to what happened but then one scene just changes

Thunderbird College on global mindset Assignment

Thunderbird College on global mindset - Assignment Example Naylor (1986), Thunderbird has a unique advantage over other institutions since it focuses on producing global business leaders who can successfully manage business organizations within the global market. In addition, Lovett (1971) states that the corporate solutions and professional development opportunities that the college offers aim at facilitating the organizations and individuals with basic skill sets to thrive in the global business market. In reference to the writings by Deresky (2010), Thunderbird’s first position in the international business education sector is because of its focus on a niche that not many learning institutions have exploited, thus, enabling Thunderbird to gain a competitive advantage within the industry. Through the global mindset, Thunderbird graduates learn about business management from the global perspective and this involves learning on how to work and manage a multicultural or multinational organizations. Secondly, graduates as well as organizations learn about international accounting standards and business ethics that applicable in the international business arena. According to Hill (2010), the graduates of Thunderbird have competitive advantage in the labour market since they have skills and competency to work anywhere in the world and in all multicultural

Evaluation Plan Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Evaluation Plan - Term Paper Example The first step in my evaluation plan will involve assessing the background and framework of the evaluation. This step as elucidated by Holden et al (2009) will involve comprehension of the environment, framework, and circumstances surrounding the evaluation of the planned change. For instance, I will establish the relationship between individuals and specific bodies to involve in implementing the change to ascertain their level of commitment. During this initial step in addition, I will assess the range of the evaluation in terms of estimation of resources required for executing the planned change such as the cost and human resource. The second step of my evaluation plan will involve an in-depth exploration and identification of stakeholders and their level of association (Holden et al, 2009). In reference to the unmet need and planned change, stakeholders to be considered at this stage include nurses, physicians, patients, the local community, governmental organizations, and non-gov ernmental organizations. The relationship between these stakeholders will have an immediate effect on the outcome of the planned change. Thirdly, I will engage identified stakeholders in terms of requesting them to participate in designing strategies aimed at the implementation of change, and make sure each one of them understand their specific roles and responsibilities (Holden et al, 2009). Fourthly, I will exhibit and put all the processes of the strategic plan into context in order for the stakeholders to understand (Holden et al, 2009). The fifth step will involve formulation of wide-ranging question for assessing the outcome of the planned change (2009). During this step, I will assess the practicability and achievability of the planned change. This will be followed by data collection by means of observation, direct interviews, and structured questionnaires to establish whether the objectives of

Architecture Properties for Controlling Air for Hygiene

Architecture Properties for Controlling Air for Hygiene Properties of Air Earths atmosphere is composed of air. Air is a mixture of gases of 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen with traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide, argon, and various other components. Air is a uniform gas with properties that are averaged from all the individual components. Air at sea level static conditions for a standard day depends on the pressure and temperature of the location on the earth and season of the year. Gas is composed of a large number of molecules which are in constant and random motion. Air pressure and temperature changes from day to day, hour to hour, and sometimes even minute to minute during severe weather. Standard value of air shown in the diagram are just average values used by engineer in assist to design and calculate machines. Gravity is the key important factor because it holds the atmosphere to the surface. As altitude changes, the state-of-the gas factors will change, which is why the typical values given are at static conditions sea level. As altitude increases, air density, pressure, and temperature decrease. Wind Direction and Speed Understanding Wind. Wind can be defined as a simple of air movement across the earths surface and can be in any direction. which is cause by the differences in air density, thus causing in horizontal differences in air pressure greatly than it causes the vertical pressure. These pressure systems are essentially the cause and result of spatial differences in atmospheric pressure/circulation. There are general characteristics to describe wind, wind Speed and wind Direction, which create different types of wind. Examples of wind include breeze, which is a long duration of low speed wind; gusts, a short burst of high speed wind; strong immediate winds like squalls; and lastly strong intense winds like hurricane or typhoon. Wind speed is the velocity obtained by a mass of air travelling horizontally through the atmosphere. The common measurements for wind speed are kilometres per hour(kmph), miles per hour (mph), knots and meters per second by using a anemometer. The direction of wind is measured by an instrument called a wind vane. There are two main that effect wind direction and speed Pressure-gradient force Coriolis force and friction. *and lastly friction. These factors work coherently to change the wind in different directions and at different speeds. Pressure-Gradient Force Pressure gradient force is the primary force influencing the formation of wind. Wind always blows from high pressure area to low pressure area on a horizontal gradient. Vertically, wind flow from low pressure area to high pressure area. This pressure gradient force that causes the air in motion and causing the air to move in motion with increasing speed down the gradient. Uneven heating on the earths surfaces causes the continual generation of these pressure differences. The greater the pressure difference over a certain horizontal distance, the greater the force and therefore, the stronger the wind. On weather map surfaces, the variations of air pressure over the earths surface is indicated by drawing isolines of pressure, called isobars. The spacing of the isobars indicates the amount of pressure change over a given distance. The closely space in the isobar show steep pressure gradient indicate strong winds, relatively, widely spaced isobars indicate a weak pressure gradient and light winds. The Coriolis force The rotation of the Earth creates another force, known as the Coriolis force which effects the direction of the wind and other object objects in motion in very predictable ways. Newtons first law of motion The law of Inertia, state that forces are balanced. Air will remain moving in a straight line unless it is altered by an unbalancing force. Instead of wind blowing directly from high pressure area to low pressure area, Coriolis force opposes the pressure gradient acceleration and changes the moving air direction. Wind is deflected to the right of the gradient in the Northern Hemisphere, while in the Southern Hemisphere wind is deflected to the left. Key note* Coriolis force only effect the wind direction and not the wind speed. There is no deflection of winds on the equator of the earth, but maximum deflection at the poles Friction layer Wind Friction is the last force that influenced both speed and direction winds. Friction is only operative only close to the Earths at about 2,000 feet above earths surface. Friction greatly reduces speed of surface air and reduces the Coriolis force. As a result, the reduced Coriolis force alter the pressure Gradient force, to move the air at right angles across the isobars toward the area of lower pressure. Surface winds on a weather map does not blow parallel to the isobars in geostropic and gradient wind, instead surface wind cross the isobars vary at an angle from 10 to 45 degrees. Over the ocean where frictional drag is less, and reduced the angle to as little as 10 degrees. Hospital and Air General Principles of infection control Isolation precaution is an important strategy in the practice of infection control. The spread of some infections can be impeded if infected patients are segregated from those who are not infected yet. Although there is no single study showing the effectiveness of isolation. The concept of isolation can be traced back to biblical times when lepers were segregated from the rest of the populace. Towards the end of 19th century, there were recommendations for patients with infectious desease to be placed in separate facilities, which ultimately became known as infectious diseases hospitals. However, in the early 1950s, many of these infectious disease hospitals closed and the patients were moved to general hospitals. The need for proper isolations of infections in the context of general hospitals thus become an important issue. Spatial separation is critically important when using isolation precautions because many infectious airborne contaminations are spread mainly through direct contact when patients are near to one another. Special ventilation controls are required for diseases that can be transmitted over long distances by droplet nuclei (x). However, most diseases are not of this category. Proper isolation is critically important for infectious diseases that can be transmitted through long distance which can result in large clusters of infection in a short period. Infection Control and Isolation Practices Three level of controls must be considered when using isolation precautions. When setting up levels of control for isolation system in hospital, attentive attention must be given for the system to work effectively. Failure in doing so will result all three levels not working and supporting each other. First level of control Administrative control is the first level of control measure that needs to be taken to ensure that the entire system proceed effectively. Implementing proper procedures for triage of patients Detecting infections early Separating infectious patients from others Transporting the patients Educating the patients and staff Designating responsibilities clearly and correctly Communicating with all relevant partners Second level of control environmental and engineering controls is the second level so isolation. Cleaning of the environment Spatial separation Ventilation of spaces Third level of control The third level of control is to further decrease the risk of transmission of infectious disease Personal protection Provide personal protective equipment Sanitor provided in hospital Uses of Air Pressure Differences in Hospital In a hospital setting, certain populations are more vulnerable to airborne infections including immune-compromised patients, new-borns and elderly people. This also include hospital staff and visitors can also be exposed to airborne infections as well. Negative Room Pressure to Prevent Cross Contamination A negative pressure room in a hospital is used to contain airborne contaminants within the room. In the hospital is surrounded by harmful airborne pathogens include bacteria, viruses, fungi, yeasts, moulds, pollens, gases, volatile organic compounds, small particles and chemicals are part of a larger list of airborne pathogens. Negative pressure is created by balancing the rooms ventilation system so that more air is exhaust out from the room than it is supply. A negative pressurize room is architecturally design so that air flows from the corridor, or any adjacent area into the negative pressure room. This is to ensure and prevent airborne contaminants from drifting to other areas of the hospitals and contaminating patients, staff and sterile equipment. Rooms to be Pressurize Negatively According to the 2014 FGI Guidelines and Standard 170-2013, there are a list of rooms in healthcare architecture that needs to be negatively pressurized. ER waiting rooms Radiology waiting rooms Triage Restrooms Airborne infection isolation rooms Darkrooms Cytology, glass washing, histology, microbiology, pathology, sterilizing laboratories and nuclear medicine Soiled workrooms Soiled or decontamination room for central medical and surgical supply Soiled linen and trash chute rooms Holding rooms Autopsy rooms Janitors closets Architecture Design for Negative Pressure Room In a well-designed negative pressure room, there should only be one source of air input to the room. Air is pulled through a gap under the door, other than the small opening, the room should be air tight as possible to prevent air from entering. Room must be regularly maintained to prevent any crack or opening in the room. There are certain criteria and guidelines that a negative pressure room should fulfilled A negative pressure differential of †° 2.5 Pa Isolation room with †°12 air changes per hour (ACH) for new building, †°6 ACH in existing old buildings An airflow differential >123-cfm (56 l/s) exhaust Airflows from clean to dirty Sealing of room, allowing approximately 0.5 square feet (0.046 m2) leakage An exhaust to the outside With recent approval from World Health Organization guidelines, natural ventilation can be used for airborne precaution rooms. Positive Pressure in Healthcare Design Healthcare centre are surrounded by pollutions, germs and airborne infection, and these can severely be hazardous to patients, healthcare employees and visitors when exposed. Visitors in healthcare centre are usually patients suffering from allergies, asthma, cardiopulmonary diseases, hyper sensitive to chemicals or having a weaker immune system and are seriously threatened by airborne micro-biological contamination could worsen their condition. Room adjacent to a negative pressure room are positive pressure. Positive pressure in rooms is to ensure that airborne pathogens do not contaminate the patient or supplies in that room. Operation room are example use of positive pressure, which is use to protect the occupant and sterile medical and surgical supplies. The design intention of a positive pressure room is to optimize the condition for clean, invasive procedure, thus reducing infectious risks to patient. These rooms are often considered the cleanest room in a healthcare facilities. Examples of positive pressure procedure rooms Cardiac catheterization or interventional radiology in a radiology suite Trauma or emergency surgical procedure rooms Other invasive procedures such as the insertion of pacemakers or electrophysiology procedures carried out in other locations of inpatient and outpatient facilities Criteria for a positively pressurise operating room †°15 air changes per hour (ACH) airflow out of the room Examples of Drawing Layout for Negative Isolation Room Reference: http://www.mintie.com/assets/img/resources/ASHRAE_Article-on-VentilationChanges.pdf http://www.tsi.com/uploadedFiles/_Site_Root/Products/Literature/Brochures/Room-Pressure-Solutions-for-Healthcare-Facilities_2980067_US.pdf Positive Pressure vs Negative Pressure When total cubic feet per minute from supply air is more than return air, the room is under positive pressure and the air will flow out of the room. (Supply air > Return air) When return air is more than supply air, the room is under negative pressure and the air will flow into the room. (Return air > Supply Air) CHAPTER 3 ARCHITECTURE PROPERTIES OF CONTROLLING AIR Architecture Natural Ventilation of Health Care Facilities Ventilation Contemporary healthcare centre relies heavily on mechanical ventilation to keep indoor spaces ventilated and pressurise. The uses of mechanical ventilation require high amount energy and often do not work as expected. Equipment failure, poor maintenance, utility service and other management failure may interrupt a normal mechanical operation in healthcare centre. Instead of being an important system for controlling disease and infection, failure in mechanical ventilation systems may result in uncontrollable spread of disease through health-care facilities which could cause huge problem, outbreak of diseases. To ensure performance of mechanical system is not compromised, high cost of money is needed for installation and maintenance cost for the operation. Backing up all mechanical ventilation equipment is expensive and unsustainable is required for continuous operation if the system services a critical facility. Conditional recommendation when designing naturally ventilated healthcare facilities, overall airflow should bring the air from the agent sources to areas where there is sufficient dilution. Ventilation Ventilation the common term use in contemporary architecture, and is an important factor in building design. Ventilation provide healthy air for breathing by moving outdoor air into a building or a room, and channels the air within the building or each respective room. There are three basic elements in building ventilation to be considered: Ventilation Rate ventilation flow rate can be referred to as the absolute amount of inflow air per unit time and the air-change rate as the relative amount of inflow air per unit time. (Annex X.) Airflow Direction the overall airflow direction into a building. Air distribution or airflow pattern each part of the space should be distributed by the external air in an efficient manner. Air flown pattern effects the way airborne pollutants is removed in an efficient manner because pollutants is generated in each part of the space. Natural Ventilation One of the fundamental aspects of architecture is to provide comfort to the inhabitant. This is done by wall insulating, heating, protecting from the sun and managing fresh air intake. Natural ventilation enhances air quality by dissolution of pollutants and refreshing thermal comfort in building. Ventilation based on natural forces should always be preferred to mechanical ventilation especially in European climates, as it can efficiently complete comfort and energy objectives without mechanical energy consumption. Driving Forces of Natural Ventilation From our understanding from chapter 2 (Architecture and Air) that wind is a natural phenomenon causes by pressure-gradient force and coriolis forces therefore is the most influential factor for natural ventilation. Wind creates air flow insides building by creating high and low pressure on different building facades. These movement is strongly dependent on wind pressure gradients. Wind flow and wind pressure distribution. The second natural forces affecting natural ventilation Differential of indoor and outdoor air density causing thermal buoyancy force, stack pressure. Natural ventilation drives outdoor natural air into building envelope openings and other architectural purpose-built openings include windows, doors, solar chimneys, wind towers and trickle ventilators. Wind pressure and stack pressure are two of the natural forces that drives natural ventilation and is important Wind Pressure When wind flows around a building, it can produce a very high suction pressures. Pressure is induced on the building when wind strikes a building. Positive pressure on the windward face which is the direction of upwind from the building; negative pressure on the leeward face, pulling rather than pushing on the building. This drives the air to flow through windward openings into the building to the low-pressure openings at the leeward face. Windward pressure differs along the height of the building, while the leeward pressure is constant. These pressures occur mainly on the leading edges of the roof, and the cladding on these areas has to be firmly fixed to the structure and the roof has to be firmly held down. The wind pressure generated on a building surface is expressed as the pressure difference between the total pressure on the point and the atmospheric static pressure. Wind pressure data can usually be obtained in wind tunnels by using scale models of buildings. If the shape of building, its surrounding condition and wind direction are the same, the wind pressure is proportional to the square of outdoor wind speed. Thus, the wind pressure is usually standardized by being divided by the dynamic pressure of the outdoor wind speed. The standardized wind pressure is called the wind pressure coefficient and symbolized as (Cp). The outdoor wind speed is usually measured at the height of the eave of the building in the wind tunnel. Calculation for wind pressure acting on the building surfaces can be found in Annex X. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Windows and Openings Cross flow Trickle Ventilators Wind Screen Stack Pressure Stack pressure or thermal buoyancy force is generated from the air temperature or humidity difference (sometimes defined as density difference) between indoor and outdoor air. This difference generates an imbalance in pressure gradients of the interior and exterior air columns, causing a vertical pressure difference. Air buoyancy allows movement of air into and out of buildings, chimneys, flue gas stacks or other containers. The effectiveness of stack ventilation is influenced by the effective area of openings, the height of the stack, the temperature difference between the bottom and the top of the stack and pressure differences outside the building. There are two effective uses of stack ventilation which occurs in a room and stack effect in a high-rise building. Examples two different uses are given as below. When the room air is warmer than the outside air, the room air is less dense and rises. Air enters the building through lower openings and escapes from upper openings; on the other hand, when the air is colder than the outside air, the room air is denser than the outside air, the direction of air flow is reverse to an insignificant degree. Air is then entering the building through the upper openings and escapes through the lower openings. Stack driven flows in a building are driven by indoor and outdoor temperatures. The ventilation rate through stack is the result of pressure differential between two openings of the stack. When air heat up, it becomes less dense thus more buoyant, causing air to rise up. Understanding the properties of air in chapter 2, we are able to use this effect to naturally ventilate buildings. Cooler air from outside of the building is drawn into the building at the lower level and is heat up by user, equipment, heating or solar heat gain within the building. Hot air that rises up in the building is vent out at a high level. The tendency of warm air to rise results in pressure differences at various levels of the building. Pressure on the lower levels and basements of a building falls below the atmospheric pressure. On the upper levels of the building, pressure of air will be higher than atmospheric pressure. In between the point of high pressure and low pressure zones lies the neutral pressure plane where the pressure will be neutral. Internal air pressure above the neutral plane will be positive pressure, forcing air to be drawn out the building; wheres, below the neutral plan e, the internal air pressure will be negative and drawing air into the building. The neutral pressure plane is often located at the vertical mid-point of the building. A building with similar leakage rates at all levels will have neutral plane at the mid-point. However, when the basement is leaky and sealed top floor of the building, the building will have a lower neutral pressure plane. Similarly, when the building has a leakier top floor and sealed basement the neutral pressure plane will be higher than the mid-point. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Solar Chimney and Atrium Trombe Wall Bernoulis Principle Identical to stack ventilation using air pressure for passive ventilation, except the difference between bernoulis principle and stack ventilation is where the pressure difference comes from. Unlike stack ventilation which utilizes temperature difference to move air, bernoulis principle uses wind speed difference to move air. In general principle of fluid dynamics, faster moving air has lower pressure. This lower pressure can help suck fresh air through the building. From an architectural point of view, outdoor air further from the ground is less obstructed, causing it to move faster than air at lower altitude, thus resulting in lower pressure. Site surrounding is an important factor to be accounted for, with less obstruction for wind to travel. Natural Architectural Ventilation System Example use of Bernoulis principle are wind cowls and wind tower which utilizes the faster winds above roof tops for passive ventilation. Wind Cowl Fast roof top wind is scooped into the building through the intake valve and at the larger outlet valve creates lower pressure which naturally suck the air out. Stack effect will also help to pull air out through the same exhaust vent. Architectural Design taking Advantage of Stack Ventilation and Bernoulis Principle Designing for stack ventilation and Bernoullis principle are similar, and a structure built for one will generally have both phenomena at work. In both strategies, cool air is sucked in through low inlet openings and hotter exhaust air escapes through high outlet openings. The ventilation rate is proportional to the area of the openings. Placing openings at the bottom and top of an open space will encourage natural ventilation through stack effect. The warm air will exhaust through the top openings, resulting in cooler air being pulled into the building from the outside through the openings at the bottom. Openings at the top and bottom should be roughly the same size to encourage even air flow through the vertical space. To design for these effects, the most important consideration is to have a large difference in height between air inlets and outlets. The bigger the difference, the better. Towers and chimneys can be useful to carry air up and out, or skylights or clerestories in more modest buildings. For these strategies to work, air must be able to flow between levels. Multi-story buildings should have vertical atria or shafts connecting the airflows of different floors.