Leadership Self-Analysis Essay - 834 Words

As a leader in our church, after attending the program in Clinical Pastoral Education, I learned so much about self. Self awareness is a major growing edge in anyones leadership skills. Especially if you are trying to be successful and effective with your congregation, family and in the community. I learned that when dealing with conflict, I had the tendency to shy away or pretend as though the conflict is not happening or that it didn’t exist. This behavior would lead to some unattended and unhealthy issues within my self. My peers were able to recognize my actions when conflicts occurred and would question my response and actions.. It was only until several times conducting the same approach†¦show more content†¦Therefore, in order for my organization or ministry to be successful, I must always be honest about my weaknesses and create a safe environment so that others may experience that safe haven in order for us to build a trust with one another. I believe if trust is absent, the foundation for building goes out the window. I agree with Patrick Lecioni, members of great teams trust one another on a fundamental, emotional level, and they are comfortable being vulnerable with each other about their weaknesses, mistakes, fears, and behaviors. When we as leaders are able to embrace such a bond with a team, this creates a safe environment for sharing, venting, and expressing true feelings about new ideas and thoughts. So with all of that put in place, it is important for leaders to start off being honest about their weaknesses and strengths. Hopefully, this would open the floor for other team members to be honest about theirs. We will set the ground rules, which would included boundaries and will know that we are to be committed to factors set in place. Each team member should express openly what team means to them and what do they call a team. We should be clear about what each person is expecting from the team and if they agree with the terms addressed. We should always revisit our ground rules to make sure we are moving forward with our goals and our time frameShow MoreRelatedLeadership Self Analysis1074 Words   |  5 PagesLeadership Self-Analysis As per MSMQ assessment my dominant leadership styles are Coaching, Coercive, and Affiliative and my least preferred styles are â€Å"Pacesetting†, â€Å"Visionary† and â€Å"Democratic† in that order. I expected to see myself high on coaching as I use that style a lot at my work, hence I was not surprised to see that as my most dominant style in self-assessment. I did not expect to see my coercive style usage to be high and visionary style usage to be low. In fact, I was under theRead MoreLeadership Self-Analysis Essay879 Words   |  4 PagesOne of the challenges facing nurses today is learning how to be an effective leader. 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Walmart Unethical Behavior Free Essays

Ciara Vensel Principles of Management Individual Research Project Part VI 2/15/13 Wal-Mart, is one of the biggest well know companies in the United States and in the world since 1962 when founder Sam Walton created Wal-Mart. It has been the place where a lot of people usually do their shopping for the low prices and variety of products. This is why it is so controversial Wal-Mart continues to grow even with the accusations of unethical business practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Walmart Unethical Behavior or any similar topic only for you Order Now Wal-Mart has been accused of sexual discrimination and unfair pay for employees, and destruction of small towns, excessive amounts of corporate power through the government and how Wal-Mart is turning into a monopoly. With all of these allegations, Wal-Mart is still one of the leading discount retailers in the country, and as a corporate office, they still stand tall and state that they follow fair ethical values. Walton was an entrepreneur with a vision that started his own company and made into the leader of discount retailing like it is today. Walton borrowed some money from his father-in-law and opened a variety store after serving as an Army captain in World War II. A chain of drugstores followed, Walton went into business with his brother and by 1960 the Walton’s’ had 15 stores that were taking in $1. 4 million a year. However, Walton soon saw a new competitor arise, which was the discount store. The Walton brothers opened their first Wal-Mart in 1962 in Rogers, Arkansas. Specializing in name brands at low prices, the chain of Wal-Mart stores sprang across rural America. Walton’s management style was popular with employees and helped to spur growth. As the years past, the chain of stores grew sporadically. The sales grew to $26 billion by 1989. (Store Wars, www. pbs. org) However, as sales grew ethical standards lowered throughout the company. Wal-Mart’s poor labor practice consists of avoiding non-unionizing of all employees, low wages, expensive benefit packages, and sexual discrimination. They insist on keeping full time employees to minimum to avoid handing out benefit packages and yet they are making employees work full time hours. There is dozens of wage and hour suits against Wal-Mart accusing the company and its managers of various illegal practices. Those included forcing employees to work unpaid off the clock, erasing hours from time cards, and preventing workers from taking lunch and other breaks that were promised by the company or guaranteed by the state laws. In 2008 Wal-Mart announced that they have agreed to pay between $352 million and $640 million to settle 63 wage and hour lawsuits filed against the retailer in 42 different states. The lawsuits accused the company of cheating hourly workers by forcing them to work through breaks and not paying them for overtime. (Wal-Mart to Settle Suits over Pay, NYTimes. com. ) Full-time employees are eligible for benefits, but the health insurance package is so expensive employees pay 35 percent which is almost double the national average. (Store Wars, pbs. org) Wal-Mart is also the leading employer of diversity and different cultures in the United States and the majority of this is men. More than 125,000 African Americans and more than 74,000 Latinos work at Wal-Mart nationwide. Two Latinos sit on the board of directors along with two women out of 15 board members. Only one woman serves as an executive officer of the company. Almost 2,000 women in 48 states claim that Wal-Mart discriminated against them for pay and promotions. The filings state women who say Wal-Mart systematically favors men for raises and promotions. (Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Claims Filed by 2,000 Women, huffingtonpost. om) Wal-Mart’s  London Kentucky Distribution Center denied jobs to female applicants  from 1998 through February 2005. During  that time, Wal-Mart regularly hired male entry level  applicants for the warehouse positions, but excluded female applicants who were  equally or better qualified. Wal-Mart regularly used gender stereotypes in filling entry-level order filler  positions. Hiring officials told  applicants that order filling positions were not suitable for women, and that  they hired mainly 18 to 25 year old males for order filling positions. Excluding women from employment or  excluding them from certain positions because of gender violates Title VII of  the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Wal-Mart ended paying $11. 7 million in back wages and compensatory damages to settle the sex discrimination lawsuit. (Wal-Mart to Pay More Than $11. 7 Million to Settle EEOC Sex Discrimination Suit, 2013) The amounts of unethical business practices that are evolving throughout the years regarding Wal-Mart really does amaze me; how a business can be so disrespectful to their employees and still be the leading retailer in the world, and have millions of consumers. Wal-Mart’s employees for the first time in Wal-Mart history went on strike in the fall of 2012. Wal-Mart workers across the country  coordinated  a Black Friday walkout in an effort to build awareness about the retailer’s low wages and poor working conditions. (CNN Host, Calls Out Wal-Mart Executive over Poverty Level Wages, 2013) â€Å"Wal-Mart employs more people than any other company in the United States outside of the Federal government, yet the majority of its employees with children live below the poverty line. †(Store Wars, www. bs. org) There was an interview conducted on CNN by host Carol Costello with Wal-Mart’s Vice President of Communications David Tovar regarding the Black Friday walkout, when Tovar is confronted about these labor practices he is unsure of his answers. Currently in the United States, the poverty level is $15000 for a yearly income and a Wal-Mart employee is making an average of $15350, Costello is arguing this level of in come with Tovar because he claims that they provide more support for their employees then the average retailer. She states, â€Å"Is it Wal-Mart’s responsibility to make sure that its employees can support a strong middle-class lifestyle? † Tovar’s response is, â€Å"We’re working hard every day to provide more opportunities for associates. † (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailer’s Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions | ThinkProgress, 2013) Costello abruptly argues, â€Å"But if a lot of them are making $15,000 a year, you can’t live a strong middle-class lifestyle on that! (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailer’s Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions | ThinkProgress, 2013) Tovar also tries to justify the average wage of a Wal-Mart employee by not giving a straight answer and showing how to help their employees by stating, â€Å"Our average rate is about $12. 40 an hour for a full time associate. We also offer comprehensive benefit packages as low as $17 a pay period, which is very affordable and we also pay quarterly bonuses, which is something that not a lot of retailers do. In addition, we know that they appreciate that. They also get a 10 percent discount card. So you have to factor in all of those things when you’re looking for how we’re helping associates. † (CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailer’s Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions | ThinkProgress, 2013) In reality, he is just working his way around stating the obvious that employees are getting paid low wages for today’s economy. Wal-Mart CEO Michael Duke has an average income of  $18. 1 million; it would take more than 700 employees salaries to match his total compensation package. Not only does Wal-Mart treat employees unfairly, but also it is unethical to the communities it develops in. It is certainly true that Wal-Mart has a tendency to crush competitors. The more successful Wal-Mart is, the more there will be bankruptcies of smaller businesses. According to the National Bureau of Economic research it’s been proven that Wal-Mart has adverse effects on small town stores. They did a study on Wal-Mart store in Arkansas; the employment results indicated that a Wal-Mart store opening reduces small town retail employment by about 150 workers, meaning that each Wal-Mart worker replaces approximately 1. 4 small town workers. This represents a 2. 7 percent reduction in average retail employment. The payroll results indicate that Wal-Mart store openings lead to declines in small town retail earnings of about $1. 4 million. (The Effects of Wal-Mart on Local Labor Markets, 2013) I myself come from a small town with a population of less than a 1000 people; we are mainly a tourist town because we are located right next to Mille Lacs Lake, which means we are only seasonally making a profit. Whenever it is fishing season in our area is where we have the most profitable seasons. Coming from a small town, I know that it is very hard to keep small businesses going; Wal-Mart thrives on making new establishments in these types of areas. This is very profitable for Wal-Mart but not for the community’s small businesses this causes these family businesses that have been around for years to come to a screeching halt, because it is more convenient to get everything at Wal-Mart for a low price then go to each individual small business for different items. Without these small businesses, small towns like mine gradually disappear. How Wal-Mart is destroying America (and the world) and what you can do about it, Quinn, B) With that said Wal-Mart has taken over some many rural areas and they pay their employees at such low wages that Wal-Mart is increase in corporate power through the government and are becoming a monopoly. A monopoly is a situation in which a single company owns all or nearly all of the market for a given type of product or service. Everywhere you go you see more and more Wal-Mart’s even if there in cities that is 10 minutes apart from each other. Especially with most Wal-Mart’s, now being super Wal-Mart’s there profit is immensely growing to outrageous amounts. (Corporate Power, Wal-Mart and the Undermining of the Democratic Process Dollars ; Sense, http://dollarsandsense. org) With all the controversy surrounding Wal-Mart the corporate office still claims that they are an ethical company that favors their employees. There website has a statement of ethics stating all of their policies are for the employees. They state to be a non-discriminative work place and that they offer fair wages. This is obviously something that is corrupt within their company because there would not be that many lawsuits and complaints about Wal-Mart’s business practices if they abided by their statement of ethics. They also claim that Wal-Mart builds small communities by offering more employment in the rural areas. The website states, â€Å"It’s our mission to create opportunities so people can live better. We consider it our responsibility to make a positive impact in the communities we serve. Whether it is through the grants we provide to the thousands of organizations that share our mission or through the inspiring volunteer efforts of Wal-Mart associates, we are passionate about helping people live better. One community at a time. † (Wal-Mart Corporate – Our Story, http://corporate. walmart. com/ourstory/) Companies like this that survive these major ethical issues are the ones that can spot the issues and correct them before they become a problem. In the case of Wal-Mart, it failed to acknowledge these potential problems and they are probably going to pay for it in the end. Wal-Mart’s unethical business practices have hurt its company’s reputation. Although millions of people still shop at Wal-Mart knowing the rising allegations still many consumers have stopped shopping at Wal-Mart. This includes my mother who is very against shopping at Wal-Mart and will avoid if it is at all possible. If Wal-Mart wants to survive they will have to try harder to improve their image; not only at the corporate level but also within in each individual establishment level. They need to show that they care about ethics by treating employees fairly, and the communities that are allowing Wal-Mart to establish their stores. As a result, it will attract good employees and consumers and keep this business thriving to its full potential. A company this large should admit its faults to overcome any obstacles to obtain success. Bibliography Peled, M. (n. d. ). PBS Store-Wars: The Story. PBS: Public Broadcasting Service, Retrieved January 18th 2013, from http://www. pbs. org/itvs/storewars/story. html Greenhouse, S. 2008, December 23) Wal-Mart to Settle Suits over Pay – NYtimes. com, the New York Times, Breaking News, World News ; Multimedia, Retrieved January 18th 2013, from http://www. nytimes. com/2008/12/24/business/24walmart. html? _r=0 Wal-Mart Corporate – Our Story. (n. d. ). Wal-Mart Corporate – We save people money so they can live better. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http://corporate. walmart. com/ourstory/ Harrison, J. A. (n. d. ). Corporate Power, Wal-Mart and the Undermining of the Democratic Process Dollars ; Sense. Dollars and Sense: Real World Economics. Retrieved January 18, 2013, from http://dollarsandsense. org/archives/2011/0211harrison. html Quinn, B. (2000). How Wal-Mart is destroying America (and the world) and what you can do about it (Rev. ; updated. ed. ). Berkeley, Calif. : Ten Speed Press. CNN Confronts Walmart Spokesperson Over Retailer’s Low Wages, Poor Working Conditions | ThinkProgress, 2013, http://thinkprogress. org/economy/2012/11/20/1221081/cnn-confronts-wal-mart-spokesperson-over-retailers-low-salaries-poor-working-conditions/ Wal-Mart Sex Discrimination Claims Filed by 2,000 Women, 2013, http://www. huffingtonpost. com/2012/06/06/walmart-sex-discrimination-women-_n_1575859. html Wal-Mart To Pay More Than $11. 7 Million To Settle EEOC Sex Discrimination Suit. (n. d. ). EEOC Home Page. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://www. eeoc. gov/eeoc/newsroom/release/3-1-10. cfm The Effects of Wal-Mart on Local Labor Markets. (n. d. ). The National Bureau of Economic Research. Retrieved February 15, 2013, from http://www. nber. org/papers/w11782 How to cite Walmart Unethical Behavior, Essay examples

Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander. Answer: Introduction The factors contributing to poor health among the indigenous Australians needs to be seen with the perspective of, the social determinants of health. These determinants are somehow complex as well as connected; they include employment, housing, income, transport, stress, behavioral aspects, working plus living conditions all of which are merged in respect to autonomy plus the capacity to participate in the community (Trewin and Madden, 2005). Together, these cultural and factors have a significant impact on health and behavior of a person. This essay discusses some of the determinants of health factors and their impacts on the Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island Australians. Housing circumstances such as homelessness, House tenure, and overcrowding have a great impact on the health and well-being of a person. The aspect of house congestion occurs together with other factors including poor sanitation and water quality, which are connected with higher risks of transferring infectious diseases, exposure to dangers like smoking indoors and higher risks of injuries at home (Angus, 1997). Insecure housing plus overcrowding is also associated with other factors such as stress plus adverse educational chances for learners like school attendance and educational continuity. Besides, homelessness is greatly linked with poor health. For the case of overcrowding, the Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders experience homelessness in different ways such as being extracted from traditional lands. In 2012, about 22% of the indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islanders were staying in overcrowded houses relative to the 6% of the non-indigenous Aboriginals (Trewin and Madden, 2005). In 2011, Aboriginal or Torres Strait Island people accounted a homeless population of 28%. According to Trewin and Madden (2005), indigenous Australians were 15 times more likely to be homeless than the non-indigenous Australians. Over 55% of Indigenous Australians lived in remote overcrowded set ups in comparison to the 18% in the main towns. Household overcrowding depends with the social and economic position. During 2013, indigenous Aboriginal and Torres Strait people were likely to live in overpopulated houses if their housing income was in a low quintile besides the high-income quintiles (Angus, 1997). In another scenario, overcrowding was connected with housing facilities not working or being available. In 2012 to 2013, almost 28% of Indigenous people aged 35 years and above stayed in house s that were purchased or owned, 35% lived in houses rented via social housing, and 29% stayed in private rentals. By comparison, 70% of non-indigenous aged 35 years and above owned the homes they were living in. Statistically, rates of indigenous house ownership increased by almost 3% between 2002, and 2012 to 2013. On the other hand, household tenure patterns are greatly determined by a number of factors such as indigenous land arrangements in remote parts of Australia and socio-economic status. Although there have been some improvements regarding overpopulation as well as home ownership for the Aboriginal Straight Torres Australians, the outcome for the indigenous Australians remains very small compared to the non-indigenous Australians (Caring for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out of home care, 2009). The National Affordable Housing Agreement aims at ensuring that every Australian has access to cheap, safe, as well as sustainable houses that will lead to socioeconomic participation. Almost a half of these agreement outcomes focus particularly on the indigenous Australians in the remote areas. Also, the government of Australia addresses the issue of housing among indigenous people by providing support for house ownership via financial literacy aid as well as assisted loans via the Indigenous Business Australia. Transport is the primary determinant to access health care, goods services as well as support to the Aboriginals in maintaining societal obligations to traveling for the family commitments (Raphael and Swan, 1997). Aboriginal as well as Torres Strait people face a number of hindrances to accessing necessary health care such as logistics, cost plus the reliability of transport choices. Such challenges have a great impact on the socioeconomic status of healthcare service users who must travel long distances while sick, alongside carers who provide antenatal care services for people with disability, young children or even patients with chronic health conditions, substance use problems or just mental problems (Ospina, n.d.). However, limited or lack of transport impacts on the ability to access professional health care especially for patients with chronic diseases or health condition. In 2012 to 2013 health survey, transport was the key reason why 15% of the Indigenous Australians reported that they didnt access healthcare service when they were supposed to. For particular types of health services, distance was a hindrance to visiting dentists, counselors, and other healthcare professionals. According to Ospina, things such as availability of service in a given locality, distance, and waiting for too long were some of the hindrances to visiting a heath care professional when required 38% higher than the cost 35% or even cultural appropriateness of the service 30%. Logistic reasons were a significant barrier to accessing healthcare services compared to cost or cultural appropriateness of the service. Since 2003 to 2005, no change has been seen in the number of Indigenous Australians reporting that they did not access health care service due to transport and distance problems. A social survey conducted in 2008 found that 25% of Aboriginal Torres Strait Islanders people aged 35 years and above had traveled using public means for the 14 days and 40% lived in regions where local public transport was not available. However, use of public transport in remote sections by the indigenous people was low relative to the non-indigenous Australians. Also, studies found that 35% of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Islanders were subject to racism while traveling on public transport. In 2012 to 2013, 90% of Aboriginal as well as Torres Strait Island health services provided means of transportation to their customers as part of the community and health-related programs. Although transport is one of the key determinants of health care services among the indigenous and non-indigenous Australians, it also causes healthy risks especially if the mode used in the transportation is not safe, such as when the driver is operating the car under influence or alcohol or drugs or when the car is unroadworthy. Hospitalization plus death as a result of the injuries sustained from transport and road fatalities remains a great concern. Participation in the labor force has significant consequences for the health, social as well as emotional wellbeing plus living standards of people. On the contrary, being physically disabled or sick or even nursing an individual in a bad health acts as a hindrance to the employment participation. Besides the poor health outcomes, some of the key reasons for the indigenous Aboriginals having low labor force rates are high levels of contact with the criminal justice system, low levels of education plus training, a small degree of job retention and experiences of segregation (Raphael and Swan, 1997). The employment sector entails all individuals willing to contribute or already contributing to the supply of labor; they include the employed as well the non-employed. However, the remainder of the demography is in not the employment sector (Zubrick et al., 2010). The employment participation rate is the number of individuals in the labor market as a portion to those of working age (between 18 to 65 years). Findings show that over the last 15 years, there has been a tremendous growth in the indigenous involvement in the labor force. Since 2009, this increase has declined as well as the gap between the indigenous Australians and non-indigenous employment widened. In 1993, 39% of Indigenous employment age population was recruited in the labor force. This rate increased to 55% in 2008 and then declined to 45% in 2012 to 2013(Zubrick et al., 2010). Currently, the indigenous employment rate has increased by 4.2 points to reach 22%. This employment rate is higher for the Indigenous males relative to their counterparts, Indigenous females. According to the social gradients of health, characteristics of employment including occupation, job security plus control have detrimental effects on health. Employed Indigenous workers are likely to work as casual laborers compared to the employed non-indigenous Australians who work as professionals. Zubrick et al. (2010), holds that there has been an incr ease in the working proportion of the indigenous Australians working as professionals and managers in the year 2002 to 2012. Over the past decade, the percentage of indigenous Australians labor force in long-term unemployment has remained constant. In 2012 to 2013, Indigenous Australians were more likely to report family stressors of not being in a position to secure a job compared to a low percentage of the non-indigenous Australians. Such stressor was exhibited highly among the Indigenous males aged between 25 to 34 years. In 2011, the number of unemployed Indigenous Australians who did not provide paid assistance to the people with disability was three times more than that of non-indigenous carers (Zubrick et al., 2010). To reduce the unemployment rate especially in the indigenous remote areas, the government of Australia has allocated money to finance remote jobs as well as community programs High levels of education such as universities are connected with improved health outcomes through an excellent health literacy as well as good prospects for the social and economic status that boosts great access to both safe plus healthy housing, good lifestyle such as feeding on a balanced diet (Henderson et al., 2007). Research conducted in America showed that death rate declined at a swift pace for people with more education, with a seven-year increase in life expectancy for the college education learners. On the same note, International literature holds that improvements in children mortality connected with high levels of maternal education as well as attributed such to different factors such as greater knowledge and willingness to access healthcare services (Santow, 2006). The retention rate examines the rate at which a learner stays at school until ten or twelve years another measure is attainment rate the extent at which a student is awarded a certificate at the end of eithe r ten or twelve years. Historically, non-indigenous Australians had more retention and attainment rates compared with the indigenous Australians. Osborne (1991) on the other perspective argues that adult learning is a great tool for achieving better health, education plus economic outcomes. However, longitudinal studies show that people aged 35 years and above and take part in post-school engage in healthier behaviors such as reduced alcohol intake, improved social plus emotional wellbeing and increased levels of workouts. Henderson et al. (2007) holds that learning is supposed to be for those unemployed or those economically inactive so as to lower heath inequalities. Further research also points out that the value of education; especially in midlife is good for those with poor education at a time of leaving learning centers, with the qualifications attained at such life stage providing an effect against the heart diseases. However, disability plus lack of financial stability are some of the impediments for the indigenous Aboriginals completing post-school qualifications. There is a strong connection between parental educatio n attainment, formal education attainment plus measures of heath literacy. Studies show that heath outcome is influenced by an individuals power to use a broad spectrum of resources as well as materials to develop a strong knowledge plus enable empowered decision making in matters of health. However, low healthy literacy is a hindrance to acquiring health education information as well as assessing treatment. In 2012 to 2013, year twelve was the highest level of education completed by 26% of Aboriginal or Torres Strait Island people aged eighteen years and above compared to the 53% of the non-indigenous who finished year twelve in the same age bracket In a social survey conducted in 2008, indigenous parents sought ways that would help their children finish year twelve like support from families, school and friends, grants to assist with affordability, career guidance plus learning centers being fit for culture or beliefs. Conclusion This essay has discussed a broad spectrum of issues. It seeks to show the link between lower social and economic status plus poverty as well as the health outcomes of the indigenous Aboriginal Strait Island people compared to their counterparts non-indigenous Australians. Throughout the essay, we have discussed how education, employment, housing, and transport have been of significant impact to the health of indigenous Australians. All in all, the paper shows the extent of which indigenous Aboriginals have been deprived their basic rights through inequalities mentioned above relative to the non-indigenous who are more educated, have professional jobs and enjoys government privileges References Angus, S. (1997). Promoting the Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Island People: Issues for the Future. Promotion Education, 4(3), pp.22-24. Caring for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children in out of home care. (2009). 1st ed. East Brunswick, Vic.: Victorian Aboriginal Child Care Agency. Draft Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Justice strategy 2011-2014. (2011). 1st ed. [Brisbane]: Queensland Government. Henderson, G., Robson, C., Cox, L., Dukes, C., Tsey, K. and Haswell, M., 2007. Social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people within the broader context of the social determinants of health. In Beyond bandaids: exploring the underlying social determinants of Aboriginal Health (pp. 136-164). Cooperative Research Centre for Aboriginal Health. Osborne, B. (1991). So Youve Been Appointed to a Torres Strait School: A Thumbnail Sketch of the Socio-Historical Context of Torres Strait Education. The Aboriginal Child at School, 19(05), pp.19-28. Ospina, M. (n.d.). Epidemiology and use of health services for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease among aboriginal peoples in Alberta. 1st ed. Raphael, B. and Swan, P. (1997). The Mental Health of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People. International Journal of Mental Health, 26(3), pp.9-22. Santow, G. (2006). Infant mortality among Australian Aboriginals. The Lancet, 368(9539), p.916. Trewin, D. and Madden, R., 2005. The health and welfare of Australias Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples. Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics. Walter, M. (2016). Social Exclusion/Inclusion for Urban Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander People. Social Inclusion, 4(1), p.68. Zubrick, S.R., Dudgeon, P., Gee, G., Glaskin, B., Kelly, K., Paradies, Y., Scrine, C. and Walker, R., 2010. Social determinants of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander social and emotional wellbeing. Working together: Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander mental health and wellbeing principles and practice, pp.75-90.

To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s Essay Example

To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? Essay In order to deal with the question of ideological consistencies in Soviet foreign policy in the 1930s, one has to consider the underlying aims of Stalins foreign policy directives. This will be dealt in the initial stage of the essay and followed through with every subsequent argument. It is also crucial, in attempting to answer the problem, to note the significant apparent changes that emerged during the distinct periods such as the early 1930s of the Soviet isolationism as opposed to the 1933 1937 phase of anti-Nazism, as well as the post Munich Agreement time period before the German invasion in 1941, during which Stalin reversed his foreign policy moves to align the Soviet Union with Germany. While engaging in such an observation based on the changes in Stalins strategies, though, one must realise the reason for or the driving factor behind, such transitions that the Soviet Union was put through, first in siding with the West and then swaying to the Fascist Germany when tides were against the Soviet Union in the course of the 1930s leading up to the Second World War. The following will be an attempt to prove, despite the limited literature available on the issue, that Soviet foreign policy was ideologically consistent in the 1930s to a large extent. Despite the seemingly fickle-minded, sides-shifting and perhaps even indecisive moves by the Soviet Union, represented by its leader Joseph Stalin, such will in fact be revealed to be intimately, AND persistently, abiding by the seminal foreign policy objectives of security for the Soviet Union that was not prepared for another war. In addition, as some historians argue, one also needs to heed the observation that ideological, and also strategic, dimensions of Soviet foreign policy were but a public mask, or rather a effective tool, to attain a more urgent and fundamental goal of achieving and maintaining security for the Soviet Union as sweeping as this may sound. We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on To what extent was Soviet foreign policy ideologically consistent in the 1930s? specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer On the surface, the discussion should pivot around the main ideological motives championed by Stalin and how successful Soviet Union at large was in constantly following through with its ideology in the tumultuous age of the 1930s. This ideology, then, simply put, is to spread Communism in the world and abolish other ideological blocs such as Capitalism and Fascism so as to allow for the Soviet hegemony as the worldwide Communist champion and leader. However, before the ideological layers involved in the Soviet foreign policy directives comes the crux of Soviet Unions foreign policy aim in the 1930s, which was to ensure that Soviet Union is spared from any external invasion given the pressures created by the Great Depression. For the purpose of facilitating the flow of the argument, the essay will be signposted by the various turning points throughout the 1930s marking either an alteration or the reversal of Soviet stance on European affairs, particularly where Germany is concerned. The first of this should undoubtedly be the Great Depression of 1929 that kick-started the unstable age of the 1930s. In the crucial setting the Depression sets up for us in understanding the context of the 1930s, the world is in disarray, especially notable in the West, from 1930 to 1933. The resultant destruction of world trade and the loss of jobs leading to a slump in the quality of living brought about the fertile ground for extremist political agitation from both Right and Left.1 Although the instability somewhat allowed for some much needed respite to the Soviet Union in its bid after an economic revolution, the augmenting international tensions intensified by the prospect of the Depression engendering a new war necessitated the Soviet Unions bracing of an ulterior objective. This was none other than the fact that to insulate fortress Russia from the threats of outside powers in the event of a predicted war, according to Haslam in his writing in The Bases of Foreign Policy under Stalin, which is immensely useful in aiding the understanding that one has to seek for the matter in discussion. Su ch a threat was what stimulated the Soviet leadership to embark on the five-year plan of industrial construction in 1929. The five-year plan was essentially anchored on Stalins conception of the countrys needs, his overriding aim being to make the Soviet Union impregnable to assault from abroad. The note-worthy speech Stalin made in February 1931 succinctly captures the overarching aim that will govern the foreign policy in all dimensions, including the ideological one. Stalin leaves a clear message in it the promise of the plan that would in the long term fortify Soviet power in order to deter the rest of the world from even pondering on an attack on the Soviet Union, thus obliged to leave it alone, even in the case of a war between multiple outside powers, a notion which turned out to be much of Stalins liking in the course of the period concerned, if chances allowed, as it had been a vital element in Soviet foreign policy since its earliest days under Lenin, to exploit, wherever possible, the tensions and antagonisms which beset relations amongst the capitalist Powers. The ideological ground for the comparison of the progress throughout the decade would be thus set in the early 1930s aims that Stalin embraced, given the changed economic and political environment, thus the need to delve into this period further. One can observe, through Stalins fears of potential Western aggression toward the Soviet Union, aggravated by the crisis in Anglo-Soviet relations in 19272, a defensive Soviet Union desperate to ensure its own security. When these exaggerated fears placed too much burden on the Soviet Unions inadequate defences, the Soviets responded with a combination of firmness and diplomacy3. While the Soviet Union retaliated against the French move at trade restrictions, the commissar of foreign affairs, Maksim M. Litvinov, also advocated the traditional offering of the non-aggression pact in novel form: economic non-aggression in 18 May 1931. This demonstrated to the Western public the more cooperative and less harsh image of the Soviet Union. The five -year plan also had a notable effect of raising the regimes prestige in the eye of friend and foe alike (Haslam, as quoted in footnote). At this juncture, one can notice how Stalin orchestrated his foreign policy in a way as to complement it to his strenuous domestic policies. To heighten the urgency of his demands for modernization, Stalin portrayed the Western powers, especially France, as warmongers eager to launch an attack on the Soviet Union. The diplomatic isolation adopted by the Soviet Union in the early 1930s thus seemed ideologically justified by the Great Depression; world capitalism appeared fated for a downfall. To assist the triumph of Communism, Stalin resolved to weaken the moderate social democrats of Europe who were the communists rivals for working-class support. Conversely, the Comintern ordered the Communist Party of Germany to aid the anti-Soviet National Socialist German Workers Party (the Nazi Party) in its attempt at gaining power in the hopes that a Nazi regime would exacerbate social tensions within Germany and thereby produce the conditions that would lead to a communist revolution. Here, we can see the shared responsibility that Stalin takes on in bringing Hitler to power in 1933 and its tragic consequences for the Soviet Union itself and of course to the rest of the world. Hence, in light of the early 1930s before the rise of Hitler, the foreign policy pursued by the Soviet Union can be deemed to be ideologically consistent. Even in the case where the Soviet Union initiated the economic non-aggression pact with the Western capitalist powers, it was done so under a certain mask and veil since Soviet leaders deceitfully continued to let their capitalist adversaries misinterpret the new Soviet economic move as a return to capitalism, resulting in the dwindled hostility displayed by the Western powers as a result. In addition, in the issue of the threat posed by Japan in the Manchurian Crisis of 1931, the underlying philosophy in Litvinovs foreign policy is illustrated in the fact that the Soviets not only chose to conceal the ongoing war preparations (for the war in the Far East) from the public but also decided to attend the world disarmament conference when it opened in February 1932. It cannot be stressed more, therefore, that this was a period when ideological foundations and more fundamentally the cardinal foreign policy aims were closely followed by. The year 1933, when Hitler rose to power in Germany, brought about what Haslam calls a dramatic volte-face in the direction of Soviet foreign policy, ushering in the most pro-Western era Moscow has ever experienced4. This is also dubbed the Litvinov age of Soviet diplomacy. Once again, in this observation of 1933 to 1937 Soviet pursuit of its foreign policy, it was the fundamental aim of Soviet security and safety that Stalin was after, as far as appearances were concerned. This is because from the turn of the events, it might seem as though the Soviet Union was abandoning its ideological motive of Communist dominion when it cooperated diplomatically with the Western capitalist powers. However, it has to be reinforced that the new German Government threatened the peace of Europe and thereby the security of the Soviet Union. Peace was not just a necessary condition for Stalins industrialisation plans but mainly for the very purpose of not plunging the Soviet Union into a war. Where dual track policy, or a two pronged approach, is concerned, it is the underlying strategic aims that were more fundamental than the ideological ones, since the primary driving factor when it came to Stalins decision making was the fear of an outside invasion of the Soviet Union. It was more the maintenance of the status quo and protection of the incumbent territory that Stalin was interested if we follow his line of foreign policy moves, rather than an aim to spread Communism as far as the 1930s were concerned. This is because the Soviet Union, in its economic weakness and vulnerability in the face of a precedent worldwide economic combustion and foreseeable threats in the scale of another major war, simply was not allowed the mental and strategic space for an expansionist scheme. Yes, it can be argued that such a Communist-domination notion never actually left Stalins objectives and lurked in the background through which some ideological influences were seen in the foreign pol icy directives (SUCH AS?), but pivotal would be to realise that because it was centrally the immediate or perceived threats directed at the Soviet Union that brought about the key foreign policy moves by either Litvinov or Molotov, thus justifying the argument that by observing the consistencies of the underlying strategic aims one can also deduce that such were also ideologically consistent, although it is more the former than the latter dimension that steered the Soviet camps foreign policy directions.